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America as Mandatary 
xor Armenia 




Articles and Opinions by — 

JAMES W. GERARD 
FREDERIC COURTLAND PENFIELD 
JOHN SHARP WILLIAMS 
CHARLES W. ELIOT 
BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER 
CHARLES STEWART DAVISON 
ALBERT BUSHNELL HART 
WILLIAM WALKER ROCKWELL 
EDWARD C. LITTLE 
THE NEW YORK TIMES 
THE NEW REPUBLIC 
VAHAN CARDASHIAN 



WHY AMERICA SHOULD ACCEPT MANDATE 
FOR ARMENIA? 

By James W. Gerard 

Ex-Ambassador to Germany 
* * * 

(Reprinted from The New York Times, July 6, 1919.) 

The acceptance by the United States of America of the 
proposed Armenian mandate is not a humanitarian duty 
only. It is the duty of America to help Armenia to organize 
her government on a permanent basis because it is one of 
our fundamental political ideals that we should contribute, 
whatever we reasonably can, toward the emancipation from 
oppression and tyranny of struggling and deserving com- 
munities, provided, of course, we can do so without endanger- 
ing our own safety, and without interfering with the fixed 
and recognized rights and duties of other nations. 

The view still held by a few persons that we can and 
should cling to the outworn policy of "isolation"* or "non- 
entanglement in foreign affairs" has been conclusively dis- 
credited by the war that has just ended. The outstanding 
fact which we must now recognize, whether we like it or 
not, is that our will to remain "isolated" or "disentangled" 
is equally dependent upon the will of other nations. It is 
an obvious fact that common prudence dictates the necessity 
of relying upon ourselves — upon our own physical force — for 
our safety and for the protection of our institutions. But, 
far-seeing statesmanship and our recent international expe- 
riences tell us in certain terms that, it is by insuring in so far 
as practicable, the safety of the rightful possessions and 
institutions of other nations and peoples, which share our 
political and social ideas and ideals that we can best serve 
ourselves. We must, to be sure, rely upon our fighting men 
and upon our great navy for the defense of our frontiers and 
of our rights, but we must not fail to encourage, within the 
limits of reason and international law, of course, the growth 
and security of institutions like our own, which relatively 
serve to strengthen and insure our own. 

3 



It has been stated with apparent sincerity that we 
should keep out of foreign commitments, such as accepting 
a mandate, or pledging ourselves to the maintenance of the 
integrity of the territories of other nations against aggres- 
sion from without. Reason and experience alike suggest 
the contrary course. The majority of the great wars of his- 
tory, like the one that has just drawn to a close, have sprung 
from small nations and small issues. If we were to decline 
to take the Armenian mandate, another nation must take it, 
and that nation will be likely to attempt to exploit it. With- 
out a contended Armenia, the peace of the Near East will 
be disturbed, and consequently the peace of the world. We 
must be interested in Armenia, in the Balkans and in the 
boundaries of the great nations, because we now know that 
we cannot quietly enjoy peace on this side of the Atlantic, 
if there is war beyond it. 

It has been also said that we must not commit our- 
selves in advance to make war on the side of a certain 
nation, without knowing the merit of the case. Under no 
law, divine or human, can we be forced to make war in de- 
fense of a bad cause. The League of Nations covenant 
provides that the members of the League shall not be 
obliged to make war on a nation alleged to have committed 
an offense, unless the decree of the Council is unanimous. 
It simply means that the American representative in the 
Council, who must take his orders from the Congress of 
the United States, which has the power to declare war, shall 
not cast a vote in favor of making war, unless he is so 
directed by our Government. What we are asked to do, 
which we ought to do, is that, we must not wait until the 
outbreak of war to make up our minds as to which side we 
shall take, but we must in advance reserve to ourselves the 
right to so adjust things as to reduce to a minimum the 
causes of war, which right imposes on us, of course, a co- 
extensive duty. Experience has shown that international 
conventions and courts of arbitration, excellent and neces- 
sary instruments and institutions as they are, cannot deter 
an ambitious and greedy nation from armed aggression,, 
unless it be opposed by an organized superior force. A 
superior force cannot be organized exactly at the time when 
it is needed. It must be ready for use whenever needed. 
What is now being attempted is, of course, a great experi- 

4 



r>. of D. 
OCT 6 1919 



ment, since all other experiments have failed. It is our duty 
to test the efficacy of this new experiment which, no doubt, 
needs improvement, and shall be improved upon as trial and 
experience suggest. 



The following facts and reasons establish, in my 
opinion, a clear case in favor of our accepting the Armenian 
mandate : 

1. It is the duty of Christian America to respond to the 
call of Christian Armenia — the world's first Christian nation. 

2. Among the sixteen or more nations, that are to be 
made into statehood, none has suffered as much as Armenia 
and none has contributed more to the success of our cause 
than Armenia. On these grounds alone, she deserves our 
prior sympathy and support. 

3. If it was necessary for us to pledge all our resources 
for the overthrow of an autocratic militarism which 
threatened the life of free institutions, it is now a sacred 
and imperative duty to make our contribution toward in- 
suring the permanence of the fruit of our sacrifices so that 
we may not have to go again through similar experiences. 

4. The system of mandatorial administration is a great 
step forward in the new order of things which is intended to 
discourage exploitation of the weak by the strong, and thus 
remove one of the chief causes of war among nations. And 
America, having taken the lead in advocacy of the adoption 
by the great nations of this historic charter for human 
liberty and happiness, cannot, with honor to itself, decline to 
have a share in the care of its own child. 

5. The Armenian, an Alpine Aryan like the Swiss, 
North Italian", and most Greeks, since his emigration to Asia 
Minor over three thousand years ago, has been a stumbling 
block in the way of Asiatic invaders toward the west and 
has kept aflame in the Near East the light of western civili- 
zation and Christianity amidst hardships that would have 
ground to the dust a weaker nation. We cannot now decline 
to extend a helping hand to a nation which has done so much 
for our faith and our civilization. 



6. The Armenians have made considerable contribution 
to the winning of the war, which entitles them to the right 
to claim our aid in the organization of the framework of 
their government. In the beginning of the war, the 
Armenians turned a deaf ear to the Turkish offer for 
autonomy in consideration of the united support of the 
Turco-Germans, which support would have helped the Turks 
to overwhelm the Russian-Caucasus front and enabled them 
to reach Middle Asia, and which at the same time would 
have forced Russia to bring divisions from the Austro-Ger- 
man front to the Caucasus. And again in 1917, when Ger- 
many, balked on the Western front, and encouraged with 
the defection of Russia, turned her attention to the east, the 
Armenians improvised a force of 50,000 men, took over the 
Caucasus front which was over 250 miles long, and deserted 
by the Russians, betrayed by the Georgians, harassed by 
Tartars and Kurds, and without any help from any outside 
force, fought the Turkish Army for seven months, and thus 
frustrated the Turco-German scheme. They did these 
things relying upon our good faith and upon our pledges. 
Can we now break faith with them ? It is useless for us to 
wish them to have independence, unless we are willing to 
make it possible for them to insure that independence. 

7. The view held by certain Americans that, if it is our 
duty to help Armenia, we should not be directed by a group 
of nations, such as a League of Nations, to perform that 
duty has great merit. But we cannot, under the new scheme 
of things, extend the required help except under a mandate. 
Moreover, by an unselfish performance of our duty in 
Armenia and our withdrawal at the end of the fixed period, 
we shall set an example to other mandataries, and thus make 
the mandatorial duty "a sacred trust of civilization" which 
will lend force and sanction to the sanctity of the covenant 
of the League of Nations. 

8. The Armenian mandate is for a brief period only; 
and we can, if we choose, limit our responsibility. 

9. It does not impose upon us the task of teaching self- 
government or of ruling the Armenians, but helping them 
and co-operating with them, in an advisory capacity, during 
the formative period of their State. 



10. It is the safest and most attractive responsibility in 
the list of mandates, and one that promises in its effect a 
larger good to the world than any other mandate. 

11. It is a safer responsibility than even Poland or 
Czecho-Slovakia would be. There will be no one nation 
along the boundaries of Armenia strong enough to disturb 
seriously the peace of the Armenian State. 

12. The view held by certain interests that unless we 
accept a mandate also for Anatolia the Turks would be 
likely to harass the Armenians, and thus make our task 
heavy, is a prejudiced one. A similar argument could have 
been urged in 1878 against the creation of an autonomous 
Bulgaria. There are two facts in this connection that must 
not be forgotten: (1) The Peace Conference will no doubt 
reduce the military institution of the Turk within limits re- 
quired for home defense, as it has done in the case of Ger- 
many and Austria; (2) The Turks will not be able to put in 
the field a larger army than can the Armenians. Experience 
has shown during the last war, as it has always in the past, 
that an armed Armenian can well take care of two armed 
Turks. We need have no worry about the ability of the 
Armenians taking care of themselves, once they are organ- 
ized. Moreover, should Armenia be attacked from without, 
it becomes the # duty of the League of Nations to take joint 
defensive steps, as it would in the event of any other mem- 
ber of the League, small or big, being attacked under similar 
circumstances. 

13. It does not involve us in any international dif- 
ficulty, since we would be going there in response to an in- 
vitation from the Great Nations and Armenia. 

14. It does not impose upon us any military burden, 
because following the completion of the occupation of the 
country and the disarmament of the armed bands and indi- 
viduals, the Armenians can easily create a force of 75,000 
men for home defense. The Delegation of Integral Armenia 
has already informed the Peace Conference that the Armen- 
ians have in Caucasus Armenia at least 75,000 men who have 
seen service in the Russian Army, and who would form the 
nucleus of the proposed Armenian force, provided we 
supply them with necessary equipment. The Armenian Re- 

7 



public in the Caucasus, which has been now functioning for 
over a year, has a force of over 30,000 men. The opinion 
advanced by certain Americans who, for reasons of their 
own, would like to see America take a joint mandate for 
Armenia and Anatolia, on the grounds that the Armenians 
are scattered and that they constitute the minority in 
Turkish Armenia, has no practical merit. In 1914 the 
Armenians in Turkish Armenia numbered 1,403,000, the 
Turks 943,000 and the Kurds 482,000. That is, the Arme- 
nians constituted the plurality of the population. Possibly 
one-half of the Armenian poulation of Turkish Armenia has 
been destroyed by the Turks. According to Turkish testi- 
mony, more than one-half of the Moslem population of 
Turkish Armenia has likewise perished from privation, 
pestilence, etc. The Armenians in proposed Armenia will 
constitute over sixty-five per cent, of the population, be- 
cause the proposed Armenia shall include Caucasus Armenia, 
where there is an Armenian population of about a million 
and a half, and also over one million Armenians who live in 
other parts of Turkey and the contiguous regions of Russian 
Armenia and elsewhere. Also with the establishment of an 
independent Armenia, the majority of the Turks would be 
likely to move into Turkey, as they have done when Bul- 
garia, Serbia and Greece were severed from Turkey. When 
we remember the fact that, in 1914, the Turks constituted 
only twenty-five per cent, of the population of Turkey, then 
we will see that the Armenians are in an infinitely better 
position in point of numbers than the Turks have ever been. 

15. We may have to land on the Black Sea and Medi- 
terranean shores of Armenia a few thousand marines as a 
notice on the population that America has assumed the task 
of organizing the Armenian Government, which will have 
an incredibly great steadying effect upon the population. 
Our principal task will consist in aiding the Armenians 
materially, which shall be done by way of loans. Armenia 
can be made a self-supporting nation within five years. In 
proportion to its size — and it is the most extensive among all 
the newly created States, except Arabia, which is largely a 
desert country — Armenia is the richest country in the world 
in natural resources. It has a healthful and vigorous climate 
and excellent soil for all agricultural purposes. 



16. We are the only disinterested nation that the 
Powers and Armenia implicitly trust, and one that can make 
the independence of Armenia a reality. Armenia is the great 
highway that links Europe with Asia and has a commanding 
position on the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. Without 
a stable government in Armenia, there can be no peace in 
the Near East and once the Near East is in turmoil, it will 
inevitably involve us in international difficulites. 

17. Germany started the war of world conquest with 
the immediate purpose of securing the domination of 
Turkey, and particularly the Armenian part of it, since it is 
the most desirable portion of the former Turkish Empire. 
Armenians are the only people capable of self-government 
and of representing us in that land. Without them Ger- 
many will naturally be tempted to make a new bargain with 
the Turks for another adventure in the east. 

18. The principal reason that induced the Turks to at- 
tempt to get rid of the Armenians was that they were a 
barrier between the Turks of Anatolia and the twenty-four 
or more million Turanians beyond Armenia. It was the 
plan of the Turks that once they were able to effect a junc- 
tion with their kinsmen of the Caucasus and trans- 
Caspian, they would set out on a campaign of militant pan- 
Islamism, with the ambition of dominating the destiny of 
the world. An organized Armenia locks up the Turks of 
Anatolia and does away with any pan-Turanian peril in the 
future. 

19. If we take the Armenian mandate, Armenia will 
become the outpost of American civilization in the east. Our 
missionaries and our educators in the Near East can carry 
on their work of civilization through Armenia, and our busi- 
ness interests can establish their branches there and thus 
stimulate American commerce in the Near East. Within a 
radius of 500 miles of the boundaries of Armenia, there are 
to be found over 100,000,000 people who should be receptive 
to American ideas and methods. 

20. If we were to decline to take the Armenian man- 
date, another nation will; then the American missionary and 
educational activities will receive not only a definite check 
in the Near East, but will be substituted by those of the 



mandatory. And if that mandatory is a non-Anglo-Saxon 
nation, then the Armenians will naturally drift away from 
Anglo-Saxon civilization, and we shall have thus lost a great 
opportunity for the propagation of Anglo-Saxon civilization 
in the Near East. 

21. Armenia should not be mixed up with any other 
neighboring region or nation. If we were to accept a man- 
date also for Anatolia, that would deter a great many 
Armenians in that region from moving into Armenia. That 
would also necessitate our remaining there for an indefinite 
period, since the Turks cannot be taught self-government in 
a generation. Anatolia is a Moslem country, so that it is 
best for a Moslem-ruling great nation to take charge of it. 
The organization of the Armenian Government is very much 
similar to assembling the scattered parts of a machine, put- 
ting" them in their respective places and harmonizing" them, 
and once the machine has been set up, it can be turned over 
to its owner. The parts of the machinery of the Armenian 
government exist, but they are scattered and in certain cases 
need the care of an expert mechanician. In the case of 
Anatolia, there is no machine in existence and no material 
for making one. Likewise the opinion held by certain per- 
sons that a joint mandate for Armenia and Anatolia would 
be advisable, because it would insure for them the ad- 
vantages of administrative and industrial efficiency, is 
devoid of any merit. Armenia is a separate and distinctive 
geographical unit, clearly defined by mountains, hills, rivers 
and seas, and possesses necessary resources and facilities for 
an independent development. The plan that is advocated for 
Armenia and Anatolia would possibly be a good one for the 
Balkans, if it were possible to secure the consent of its 
various nationalities, but it is an absolutely unnecessary and 
impracticable one in the case of Armenia. 

22. Armenia will become an independent nation if we 
help her. Otherwise, her liberation will be short lived, and 
she will be lost to civilization forever. 



10 



REPRESENTATIVE AMERICANS URGE AMERICAN 
MANDATE FOR ARMENIA 



Frederic Courtland Penfield, formerly American Ambassador to 
Austria-Hungary, says : 

"I cannot feel that it is any part of our duty to pull the 
chestnuts out of the Turkish embers for the benefit of Euro- 
pean powers long having intimate relations with the Otto- 
mans, nor do I zvant to see amiable Uncle Sam go into 
Anatolia with any administrative responsibility. 

"Only as a temporary expedient can I favor an American 
mandate over Armenia, aspiring to become an organised 
Christian state, with independence guaranteed by the pozvcrs. 

"And Uncle Sam never should remain in Armenia 
longer than to make certain that the native administration 
7vas properly organised and controlled by capable men. This 
task zi'ould take eight or ten years to complete." 



Senator John Sharp Williams, says : 

"I think that if the United States are offered the place 
of mandatory for Armenia they ought to accept it. I don't 
, believe that zve would subject ourselves to any great expense 

and I do believe that zee could do a great deal of good, not 
only for Armenia herself, but for all Asia Minor by the 
unselfish example that zve could so easily set for the other 
mandatories." 



Ex-President Eliot of Harvard, says : 

"I hope America will help Armenia to organize a stable 
and independent government by lending her all necessary 
means." 



Benjamin Ide Wheeler, President, University of California, says 

"I think that the United States ought to assume the care 
and oversight of Armenia's interest if she does it for any 
nation. The intervention need not be expected to last many 
years. The Armenians understand self-government and will 
adjust themselves to the modern demands thereof very 
quickly. We knozv them as a people better, probably, than 
any other Eastern stock, and zve have occasion to sympathize 
with them and the Greeks who are in like estate." 



Charles Stewart Davison, Chairman, Board of Trustees of the 
American Defence Society, says : 

"If Armenia is to be free she must not be exploited. If 
she needs temporary help it must be afforded her without any 
strings tied to it. If she needs counsel, or advice, or muni- 

11 



tions, or actual temporary aid it is true that they can best 
come from America. But that fact must not be utilised as a 
cover for joining her up in any guise, or way, or shape with 
Turkey, or for arranging for her management by any agency 
except a National one. We can help her to her feet as we 
helped Cuba but not as a part of any enterprise, commercial, 
political, or even religious. Our business is to save the bodies 
of the Armenians, not to make money out of them, or use 
them as a political catspazv, or even to save their souls 
(assuming that zee are licensed by Providence to undertake 
the matter). It seems but Turkey's last desperate effort to 
hold her subject races when she artfully suggests some form 
of or assimilation to a joint protectorate. Heaven forbid 
that we should be deceived into it in cither fact, or form." 



Professor Albert Bushnell Hart, of Harvard, says : 

"No people in the world arc more distinctly struggling 
at this moment for the things for which our forefathers 
struggled than the Armenians. They want self-government, 
they arc capable of self-government, they are willing to learn 
abaut self-government. Let us do everything we can to bring 
self-government within their reach." 



Congressman Edward C. Little, Recognized Authority on Near 
Eastern Affairs, says, 

"Armenia should extend from the Mediterranean to in- 
clude Adana clear to the Caucasus. While the Armenians 
are not as thick around there as they would be if they hadn't 
killed so many of them, they are the intellectual force and 
the progressive factor in all that country through there, 
and with a little encouragement would soon dominate it 
thoroughly. 

"All that the Armenians really need or seriously seek is 
a policeman's commission to enforce laws in that country. 
They can do the rest. In my experience on the western 
frontier, I learned that the gun-man who was a policeman 
generally got the better of the gun-man who was an outlaw, 
because he had a better backing and it put the other fellow 
upon the defensive, everything else being equal. At present 
Turkey is the gun-man with the policeman's badge through 
all that country. Give Armenia that and it will come out all 
right. 

"However, it probably would add considerably to their 
prestige and standing if America nominally at least accepted 
a mandate there and perhaps established a regiment of 
marines for a while at the Mediterranean end of Armenia." 

12 



AMERICAN MANDATE ALONE CAN INSURE THE 
INDEPENDENCE OF ARMENIA 

By Professor William Walker Rockwell, Columbia 

The Armenians form a minority of the present popula- 
tion of the territory that will be taken from the former Otto- 
man Empire to increase the extent of the Armenian Re- 
republic (in the Caucasus). Even before the war they were 
in the minority in every Turkish vilayet except one (Van) ; 
and since then they have been decimated by massacre and 
depleted by exile.* The Armenian Republic is still in the 
grip of war and of famine. How then can Armenian inde- 
pendence be stabilized and preserved save under a manda- 
tory power? 

"We all agree that some Western power must act as 
manatary. The question is, Which power? Do you wish 
Italy? I see" no signs of enthusiasm at the mention of the 
name. Do you desire France ? Think of her great burdens 
and of her perilous budget for the next fiscal year. Do you 
fall back on England? Her own statesmen, worn with the 
sacrifices of war and preoccupied with new responsibilities 
of empire, would welcome our acceptance of the mandate. 
The Armenian patriots call us. Let us come to the rescue 
of Armenia as we came to the rescue of France. Let us 
work side by side with our gallant Armenian friends till the 
floods of war have entirelv receded from Mt. Ararat, and 
there shall grow in the fertile valleys of Armenia every- 
where the olive branches that signify a prosperous and an 
enduring peace." 

*In 1914 the population of Turkish Armenia was estimated at 
3,100,000, of which 1,403,000 were Armenians, 943,000 Turks, 482,000 
Kurds, and the balance other elements. Possibly one-half of the Arme- 
nians have perished, likewise one-half of the Turks and Kurds, according 
to Turkish testimony. The Armenians in proposed Armenia will consti- 
tute 65% of the population, because the proposed Armenia shall include 
Caucasus Armenia, where there is an Armenian population of about one 
million and a half, and also over one million Armenians who live in other 
parts of Turkey and the contiguous regions of Russian Armenia and else- 
where, the majority of whom will naturally emigrate into the new Arme- 
nia. The Turkish Government has recently appropriated a sum equivalent 
to $15,000,000, with which to induce the Kurds and Tartars of Persia 
and Caucasus to move into Armenia, with a view to insuring a Moslem 
majority. 

13 



Armenia 

By Robert Underwood Johnson 

Of all the nations new and free — 
The remnant seed of cruelty — 
Who has a better right to be 
A foster-child of Liberty 

Than thou, 

Armenia? 
Lift up with hope thy stricken brow — 
See! all the West sends cheer to thee, 

Armenia. 

Oh, thousand years of wrong and scorn ! 
Oh, night, that seemed to have no morn! 
Martyr of cross and spear and thorn, 
Thy path to Calvary shall be worn 

No more 

Armenia! 
Last of the fateful brood of war, 
The world stands still till thou be born 

Armenia ! 

By Ararat the blood-stained snow 
No more shall lie; Euphrates' flow 
Unmoaning to the sea shall go. 
Time shall restring the harp of woe 
To willowy song, 

Armenia, 
And Memory shall make thee strong 
And thou what thou hast dreamed shalt know, 

Armenia. 



SENATOR LODGE FOR ARMENIAN INDEPENDENCE 

In May, 1919, Senator Lodge offered the following resolution in the 
Senate of the United States : 

Resolution : 

Resolved, That in the opinion of the Senate, Armenia, 
(including the six vilayets, Trebizond and Cilicia in Turkish 
Armenia, and Russian Armenia) should be independent, and 
that it is the hope of the Senate that the peace conference will 
make arrangements for helping Armenia to establish an inde- 
pendent republic. 

14 



BISHOPS ADVOCATE AMERICAN MANDATE 
FOR ARMENIA 



On April 22, 1 9 19, seventy-seven Bishops of the Amer- 
ican Church cabled the President as follows'. 

"President Wilson, 

Paris. 

"Seventy-five Bishops of the American Church join us 
in the following message: 

"Armenia has suffered terribly during this War 
because of her loyalty to our faith and our cause. Our 
people have always felt a deep interest in her welfare. 
As a manifestation of that interest what we could do 
we did wholeheartedly to relieve her distress. The vic- 
tory of our arms has liberated her from five centuries 
of bondage and she is about to enter into the sisterhood 
of free nations. But she needs provisionally the help- 
ing hand of a big brother to organize the framework of 
her government. To achieve the ultimate purpose of 
our interest in her and to promote the peace and civiliza- 
tion of the Near East through her we strongly feel that 
it is the duty and opportunity of the United States of 
America to act as mandatary of League of Nations in 
Armenia." 

David H. Greer, 



Philip N. Rhinelander. 



15 



The following cable message, to which we attach a his- 
toric importance because it interprets, in our opinion, the 
heart and mind of America, was sent to the President on 
June 22, IQIQ: 

"President Wilson, 

Paris. 

"We believe that without regard to party or creed 
the American people are deeply interested in the wel- 
fare of the Armenian people and expect to see the resto- 
ration of the independence of Armenia. When the un- 
speakable Turks were perpetrating their diabolical 
crimes upon men, women and children of Armenia, 
American hearts were stirred with impotent horror. 
But with the triumph of right over primitive barbarity 
we had hoped that the Peace Conference would make 
it one of its first duties to take necessary steps to put 
a stop to the agony of Armenia and recognize her fidel- 
ity and services to our cause. We now believe that the 
prevailing insecurity of life and intense want in the 
major portion of Armenia make immediate action an 
imperative and sacred duty. We therefore respect- 
fully urge that, as a first step in that direction, and 
without waiting for the conclusion of Peace, either the 
Allies or America or both should at once send to Cau- 
casus Armenia requisite food, munitions and supplies 
for fifty thousand men, and such other help as they 
may require to enable the Armenians to occupy the non- 
occupied parts of Armenia, within the boundaries de- 
fined in the Memorandum of the Delegation of Integral 
Armenia. We trust that it may be possible to secure 
prompt and full justice for Armenia." 

(Signed) CHARLES EVANS HUGHES, 

Elihu Root, 

Henry Cabot Lodge, 

John Sharp Williams, 

Alfred E. Smith, 

James W. Gerard, 

Frederic Courtland Penfield, 

Charles W. Eliot. 



16 



ARMENIA'S SHARE IN THE WINNING OF THE WAR 



LORD ROBERT CECIL 

on October 3, 1918, wrote: 



EX-PREMIER KERENSKY 

on August 20, 1918, said: 



GEN. IHSAN PASHA, 

Commander, Right Wing, 
Turkish Caucasus Army, 
in July 27, 1915, said: 



GEN. LIMAN VON SANDERS, 
German Commander in 
Syria, following Turkey's 
Surrender. 



GEN. ALLENBY, 

After Turkey's debacle in 
Palestine, telegraphed to 
President Armenian Na- 
tional Delegation, Paris: 



"In the beginning of the War, the Russian Ar- 
menians organized volunteer forces, which bore 
the brunt of some of the heaviest fighting in the 
Caucasian campaign. After the Russian Army's 
break-down last year, the Armenians took over 
the Caucasian front (over two hundred miles 
long), fought the Turks for five months, and 
thus rendered very important services to the 
British Army in Mesopotamia. (They also cap- 
tured Baku from the Turko-Tartars, and held it 
from March to July, 1918, until the arrival of 
the British.) They served alike in the British, 
French and American Armies, and have borne 
their part in General Allenby's victory in Pales- 
tine. The services rendered by the Armenians 
to the common cause can never be forgotten." 

"At the outbreak of the War, the Turks cap- 
tured Sary-Kamish, and were marching on 
Tiflis. All the high officials, including the Vice- 
roy, were preparing for a hasty flight. Of all the 
races of the Caucasus, the Armenians alone stuck 
to their posts, organized volunteer forces and, 
by the side of their Russian comrades, faced the 
formidable assaults of the enemy, and turned his 
victorious march into a disastrous rout." 

"We were advancing victoriously into the Cau- 
casus when, with the intervention of Armenians, 
the Russian right wing was stiffened up. I then 
ordered a fresh army corps to attack the Russian 
left. But this corps was delayed for three days 
by Armenian volunteer contingents, and arrived 
too late to the scene of battle to save us from the 
terrible defeat we suffered. I don't blame the Ar- 
menians. We gave them a bad treatment. But. 1 
must confess that, had it not been for the Ar- 
menians, we would have conquered the Caucasus. 
We will do that yet. When we do, then the Allies 
can't win the War. We will have India and the 
whole Mohammedan world on our side, which 
will force Great Britain to send armies from the 
Western front to the East, and thus offer^ Ger- 
many the opportunity to overcome France." 

The Russian Armenians were within their right 
to fight the Turks from the beginning; and the 
Armenians of Turkey did not take up arms 
against the Turks until they were attacked. 

"The collapse of the Turkish Palestinian front 
was due to the fact that the Turks, against my 
orders and advice, sent all their available forces 
to the Caucasus and Azarbaijan, where they 
fought the Armenians." 

"I am proud to have Armenian contingents un- 
der my command. They fought brilliantly and 
took a leading part in the victory." 



17 



ARMENIA 

(An editorial in the New York Times, February 16, 1919.) 

The suggestion frequently advanced in England — most 
recently by Viscount Bryce — that the United States should 
act as mandatory of the League of Nations for Armenia will, 
of course, conflict with the settled opinion of most Ameri- 
cans that it would be better for us to keep out of those parts 
of the world where hitherto we have not been active. How- 
ever, a principle is sometimes best recognized by being dis- 
regarded; and if this country should act under any mandate 
outside our own immediate neighborhood we should prob- 
ably be as well satisfied to be in Armenia as anywhere. The 
whole matter, of course, must depend on the wish of the 
Armenians ; but Armenia would not call for very much effort 
on the part of her mandatory; her people are apparently 
capable of self-government, their commercial and industrial 
ability is well known. About all that Armenia's mandatory 
— if she required any at all — might have to do would be to 
furnish what the projected constitution of the League of 
Nations calls "administrative advice and assistance." 

But it may be doubted if Armenia, once guaranteed 
against a renewal of Turkish aggression, would need any 
mandatory at all. No higher tribute could be paid to the 
Armenians than the willingness of the present Greek Gov- 
ernment to have the Greeks of Pontus, geographically hard 
to include in the Greek State, attached to an independent 
Armenia. Armenian estimates would indicate that their 
race still consists of some three million people, after all the 
massacres; and of those who live in Constantinople, or else- 
where outside the contiguous Armenian territory till lately 
under the sovereignty of Russia, Persia, and Turkey, many 
will doubtless go back to help the nation rebuild its home 
Inasmuch as the Armenians furnished many of the ablest 
administrators and statesmen of the Ottoman Empire, in 
view of the executive capacity which Armenians have dis- 
played in foreign countries where their abilities were given 
free rein, it would be rash to say that Armenia is not even 
now capable of full self-government. "One thing is to be 
made secure — that there is to be no Armenian irredenta, in so 
far as the overlapping of populations may make it possible. 
Armenia has earned the right to full national liberty. Ac- 
cording to the last Turkish statistics, nearly 30 per cent, of the 

18 



Armenians of the empire, outside of Constantinople, lived in 
Cilicia, on the Mediterranean. Cilicia is within the sphere of 
influence alloted to France by the treaties of 1916, but French 
economic interest could be guaranteed without interfering 
with the political sovereignty of the Armenians in Armenian 
territory ." 

The Christian Powers of the world are in duty bound 
to remember that most of the misfortunes which afflicted 
the Armenian people in the nineteenth century were due to 
the remissness of these very Powers, who time and time 
again were willing to accept Turkish promises of better ad- 
ministration, and never took effective steps to enforce per- 
formance of these promises. The Armenians were mis- 
treated chiefly because they were Christians and held to 
their religion inflexibly, incidentally because they were eco- 
nomically superior to the Turks and dangerous to the Ger- 
mans. A nation that has been sacrificed for the faith and the 
•civilization of Europe should not again be betrayed, in whole 
or in part, by Europe and America. The present Turkish 
Government has lately begun prosecution of one or two offi- 
cials in the evident hope of blaming the Armenian massacres 
on minor personages who can be sacrificed in place of the 
men higher up. Any real fixing of responsibility will go to 
persons very high up, in Constantinople and Berlin; and jus- 
tice to Armenia includes the punishment of guilt in the past 
as well as real and trustworthy guarantees for the future. 
Armenia is as much a moral test of the Peace Conference 
as is Belgium. 



19 



AMERICA AND ARMENIA 

(Reprinted from The New Republic, March 8, 1919.) 

Our European Allies and friends, so we are repeatedly 
assured, are eager to have America undertake the guardian- 
ship of Armenia. The Armenians themselves, if they had a 
voice in the matter, would choose America as mandatory in 
preference to any other Power. This is flattering to Ameri- 
cans. It is a recognition of the national disinterestedness, 
competence and good will. Besides, Americans are staunch 
believers in action as the only wholesome outlet for emo- 
tion. Since 1885 when the Turks first exhibited their vil- 
lainous purpose of extirpating the whole Armenian race, 
American breasts have throbbed with impotent horror over 
the outraged of Armenia crying for succor. Russia could 
do nothing for fear of England, nor England for fear of 
Russia; France could not move without exciting the antago- 
nism of England and Germany, nor Italy without exciting 
the antagonism of Russia and France. All Europe was 
forced to stand by, bound hand and foot by competing" ambi- 
tions and mutual suspicion. As for ourselves, we were far 
away and committed to a policy of isolation. What we could 
do we did. We sent missionaries, we maintained schools and 
orphanages, with the net result of providing the next out- 
break of Turkish fury with more and better cultivated vic- 
tims. We would gladly have done more, but there was no 
place for our action under any law which then existed. 

But now a new law of nations is coming into being. It 
rests with us alone to say whether or not we shall undertake 
to assist Armenia, victim of infinite oppressions, to inde- 
pendent statehood. That is a grave responsibility, we recog- 
nize. And before we assume it we wish to be clear with our- 
selves on the two vital particulars : Is the undertaking 
really feasible; and if it is, are we the nation to carry it out 
instead of any other? 

Geographically considered, the territories that ought to 
fall to the Armenian State are sufficiently rich and varied to 
offer an adequate basis for independent national life. They 
are well enough defined by mountains, desert and sea, with 
comparatively narrow stretches where artificial boundaries 
must take the place of natural ones. The Armenian popula- 
tion lacks none of the elements essential to state building. 
The Armenians are a people of remarkable intellectual gifts 

20 



and of still more remarkable practical abilities. Whether as 
shepherd, farmer or orchardist, whether as artisan, mer- 
chant or banker, the Armenian is a superior type of worker. 
In the midst of Turkish night the Armenian has managed to 
attain a degree of literacy only surpassed by the more fav- 
ored nations of western Europe. In the midst of robberies 
and exactions such as would utterly break the industry of 
another people, the Armenian has managed to attain mate- 
rial prosperity. Between the periods of massacre the Arme- 
nian population renews itself as the green of mountain sides 
renews itself between the forest fires. Such tenacity, such 
vitality are worth guiding into organized statehood. 

But we have said nothing of political instinct. What 
if the Armenians lack that quality? Whatever "political 
instinct" may actually be, the Armenians are likely to ex- 
hibit enough of it for independent national life. They are 
intelligent, they are loyal to their ideals and to their leaders, 
they are tolerant and patient. They have managed their 
local affairs frictionlessly; they have conducted their church 
affairs democratically ; they have given the Turkish Empire 
some of its ablest administrators. It is not a benighted peo- 
ple, just rising out of tribal barbarism, that it is proposed to 
launch on a career of statehood. 

Armenia, like Serbia and Rumania, was 

geographically a corridor, in the era, only recently closed, 
when the greater population masses of east and west 
swept back and forth in ceaseless tides of conquest. 
Assyrians, Medes, Persians, Arabs and Turks, who most 
harried the Armenians in their incursions, have disap- 
peared or dwindled to insignificance. Say that a modern 
state of six or seven millions is established in Armenia : there 
is not another state anywhere in the vicinity that could chal- 
lenge its safety. The Turks, thrust westward into Asia 
Minor, could not, nor the Arabs from beyond Lebanon, nor 
the Persians, engrossed in holding the vestiges of their own 
culture, nor the future cosmopolitan state that may be 
planted in Mesopotamia. The situation of Armenia will be 
far less hazardous than that of Belgium or Holland, Poland 
or Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary or Rumania. Armenian state- 
building is not an enterprise foredoomed to frustration. 

Armenia's difficulties lie in the present, not in the fu- 
ture. Chief of these is the hopeless mixture of races, lan- 
guages, religions, characteristic of the whole empire of the 
Turks. Only in insignificant tracts is the Armenian popula- 
tion free from alien admixture. There is no considerable 

21 



province in which the Armenians count for an absolute ma- 
jority. But the Armenians themselves admit that they are 
a minority, although easily the most numerous single peo- 
ple in the whole mixture.* How could they be expected to 
exhibit a majority status, when the Turk, by successive 
massacres, has thinned them down and scattered them? 

Armenian state-building involves processes peculiar to 
the Levant and the Balkans, processes of redistribution of 
population. We have seen how, with the rise of Christian 
states in the Balkans, the Turks, even without propulsion, 
have emigrated en masse into Asia Minor. Except as mas- 
ters privileged to plunder, the Turks do not know how to 
live among Christians. Therefore, if Armenia is erected into 
a Christian state we may confidently predict that much of 
the Turkish population will remove itself to the Turkish 
districts of Anatolia. On the other hand, the Armenians 
scattered through Anatolia and the remaining fragment of 
European Turkey may be expected to return in large num- 
bers, once Armenia is free. Of the remaining alien popula- 
tion, the minor elements will in large part be assimilated. 
That will hardly be the case with the Greeks of the Black 
Sea littoral, who have managed to preserve their nationality 
since before the days of Xenophon. But these Greeks have 
always lived on good terms with the Armenians, and there 
is no reason why they should not retain the Greek character 
and language and still prove harmonious elements in the 
Armenian state. 

What is expected from the Power endowed with a man- 
date for Armenia is an assurance of peace and domestic tran- 
quility while the Armenian nation consolidates itself by the 
natural processes of emigration and immigration, assimila- 
tion of alien elements of low culture and accommodation 
with alien elements of high culture. Would such assurance 
involve great difficulties and expense? There is no natural 
risk of attack from without. Even the Turk, after his late 
experiences, will long exhibit a distaste for military enter- 
prise. There are turbulent elements within that will require 
watching; the Turks who prefer to remain, the Kurds and 
various lesser peoples. A well organized police will be neces- 
sary, but given an efficient nucleus and good officers, the 
Armenians themselves can produce the necessary personnel 

*This refers to Turkish Armenia only. With the union of Russian 
Armenia with Turkish Armenia, Armenians will constitute about 65% 
of the population. In 1914 the Turks formed about 25% of the popu- 
lation of Turkey. 

22 



and support it. We have seen how it is possible thus to 
organize an efficient native force, in the Philippine constabu- 
lary. There are more turbulent peoples to control in Ar- 
menia, perhaps, but Armenian support of a national con- 
stabulary would be far more universal than was Filipino 
support of the Philippine constabulary, at any rate in the 
early years. 

What else would be required of the mandatory besides 
keeping the peace and holding in check a too ardent zeal for 
prompt nationalization of alien elements? The economic 
development of the country would repay fostering care. 
There are railways and roads to build, mines to be opened, 
irrigation projects to be set under way. Provide work, and 
the police problem will simplify itself, as it has in the Philip- 
pines under the recent general prosperity. But this involves 
the investment of capital. Is the mandatory Power re- 
quired, then, to furnish capital and assume the risk of loss? 
No; under the mandatory system one Power will have as 
good right as another to trade with Armenia. Loans are 
an incident of trade, and the nation which provides Armenia 
with rails and machinery will extend the loans that make the 
trade possible. In view of the Armenian reputation for 
thrift, it may be doubted that capital invested in Armenia 
can long remain alien. In a decade or two the Armenians 
will have saved enough to control their own means of pro- 
duction. 

Such, in general terms, is the kind of problem the man- 
datory for Armenia will have to solve. Much good will and 
tact, some trained administrators, a small military force, a 
temporary loan of capital will be required. The reward of 
effort, in the rise of a state quite capable of holding its own 
and of contributing richly to the common stock of both ideas 
and material goods, appears assured. That is the kind of 
transaction America can hardly refuse to undertake, if there 
is good reason why America rather than another Power 
should undertake it. 

Why do our European Allies, why do the Armenians 
themselves, look to America? Principally because America 
is disinterested, and disinterestedness is absolutely essential 
to success in the enterprise. If England undertook the man- 
date she might be suspected of a desire to strengthen her 
position in Mesopotamia or Persia. If France undertook it, 
she might be suspected of desiring to extend her Syrian 
holdings. If Italy undertook it, she might be suspected of 
trying to consolidate her claims in southern Asia Minor. 

23 



We are granting that the motives of these Powers are pure. 
It is equally important that the motives of the mandatory 
Powers should be beyond suspicion. Else every counsel of 
moderation might seem a device for extending the status 
of guardianship into the indefinite future. 

Our motives are pure now, but we are human. Once we 
have established ourselves in a quasi-imperial position, shall 
we readily turn our wards free, to complete their national 
development according to their own desires? America has 
proved, in the case of Cuba, that she is capable of controlling 
any imperialistic desires latent in her. There we were 
bound, it is true, by the Piatt Amendment. But we are pre- 
paring to withdraw from the Philippines, under no other 
compulsion than our own conviction that when a people is 
competent to manage its own affairs, it ought to be free. 
No other people has ever given a similar proof of devotion 
to the principle of self-government. Therefore under no 
other Power as mandatory could Armenia have equal assur- 
ance that she would not remain in tutelage beyond the period 
when it is to her own advantage. 

But what would the United States get out of the Arme- 
nian enterprise? A consciousness of a job well done, of a 
nation saved, in the first place. And in the second place, a 
material reduction in the risk of disorder in the world. With 
Armenia free and prosperous, orderly civilization will have 
an outpost in Asia Minor. That quarter will not become a 
second Balkans, as it must, if Armenia is left to disorder, 
or thrown a prey to a recrudescent imperialism. In the long 
run, the reward will be worth the effort. 



24 



SHOULD AMERICA ACCEPT A MANDATE 
FOR ARMENIA? 

By Vahan Cardashian 



On February 26, 1919, The Delegation of Integral 
Armenia, representing 3,500,000 Armenians distributed 
throughout the world, appeared before the Peace Conference 
at Versailles and presented to it a Memorandum embodying 
the claims of Armenia. The Delegation demanded the crea- 
tion of an Armenian State consisting of the essential parts 
of Russian and Turkish Armenia, namely : the province of 
Erivan, the southwestern parts of the Government of Eliza- 
vetpol and of the province of Tiflis, and the province of Kars, 
except the northern part of the district of Ardahan, in Rus- 
sian Armenia, all of which now constitute parts of the 
Republic of Armenia, which has been established there since 
May 28, 1918; the provinces of Van, Bitlis, Diarbekr, Har- 
poot, Sivas, Erzerum and Trebizond (according to the 
Reform Measure of February 8, 1914), except the districts 
south of Tigris and those west of Urdu-Sivas ; the four dis- 
tricts in Cilicia, known as Marash, Sis, Jebel-Bereket and 
Adana, including Alexandretta, and the Sanjak of Cesarea, 
in Turkish Armenia.* 

*Turkish Armenia has an area of 101,000 square miles, and Rus- 
sian Armenia an area of 26,491 square miles. What constitutes 
Turkish Armenia has been denned in four international documents since 
1878. 1. Under Article 61 of the Treaty of Berlin, the provinces of 
Erzerum, Van, Bitlis, Harpoot, Diarbekir and Sivas, which have an 
area of 96,600 square miles, were recognized as constituting parts of 
Armenia. 2. Under the terms of the Ambassadors' Memorandum 
of 1895, said Six Provinces and Cilicia were recognized as Turkish 
Armenia. 3. Under the terms of the Reform Measure, dated Febru- 
ary 8, 1914, agreed upon between Germany and Turkey on the one 
side, and Russia, representing the Entente and the Armenians, on the 
other, acting by direction of the Ambassadorial Conference of London 
of 1913, said Six Provinces and the Province of Trebizond, which have 
an area of 109,100 square miles, were considered as parts of Turkish 
Armenia. At the suggestion of Germany, Cilicia, or Lesser Armenia 
(the Bagdad Railroad crosses through it), was to become a sepa- 
rate subject of treatment. 4. Under Article XXIV of the terms 
of the armistice granted to Turkey by the Allies, dated November 1, 
1918, the above mentioned Six Provinces were referred to as the "Six 
Armenian Vilayets." 

25 



The Delegation also demanded that the integrity and 
independence of the proposed Armenian State be guaranteed 
by the Great Powers, or the League of Nations, and that one 
of the Great Powers be designated as the mandatary of the 
the League of Nations, if one is organized, so that such 
mandatory power shall aid Armenia during the first few 
years of its existence in establishing its Government. The 
Delegation, furthermore, set forth in its Memorandum that 
the aid thus to be extended by such mandatary should not 
be of the nature that is given by a protecting power to a 
dominion or vassal state or to a colony, and that the exercise 
of such mandate shall not in the slightest degree interfere 
with the independence and sovereignty of the State of 
Armenia. 

It is known that the Delegation of Integral Armenia, 
interpreting the sentiment of the Armenian people, has indi- 
cated as its preference that the United States of America 
assume the mandate for Armenia. President Wilson, in his 
conference with the Senators in the White House on the 
evening of February 25th, is reported to have stated that, if 
the United States of America is to assume any mandate 
under the provisions of the Covenant of the League of 
Nations, he will favor accepting a mandate for Armenia. 



Should the United States of America accept the mandate 
for Armenia? What shall be the nature and extent of the 
duties that the United States of America shall be called upon 
to assume, in the event of the acceptance of such a mandate? 

In order to give an intelligent opinion on these ques- 
tions, we must consider : 

(A) The physical development of Armenia, and 

(B) The moral fitness and the capacity of the 
Armenian people to establish and maintain a 
self-governing State. 

First: The area of the proposed Armenian State will 
be between 125,000 and 135,000 square miles with outlets on 
the Black and Mediterranean seas. The climate of upper 
and central Armenia, which constitute four-fifths of 
Armenia, is very much similar to that of Kansas. The cli- 
mate of the Black Sea coast of Armenia, which is about 
20,000 square miles in area, is quite similar to that of New 

26 



Jersey. The climate of Cilicia, the Mediterranean coast of 
Armenia, which is about 15,000 square miles in area, is simi- 
lar to that of southern California. The soil of Armenia is 
rich and excellent for all agricultural purposes. Armenia 
has the most extensive and varied mineral resources of any 
country in the Near East. It has a great many iron, silver, 
coal and zinc beds, and two of the worlds' richest manganese 
and copper mines are to be found in Armenia. And its scores 
of rivers and lakes, which are to be found almost in every part 
of the land, are destined to play a most important role in the 
industrial and agricultural development, of the country. It 
can be, therefore, asserted without exaggeration that, in 
points of its varied climate, the richness of its soil and its 
natural resources, Armenia is a miniature America, which 
distinction no other Near Eastern or European country can 
claim. Moreover, it has such an abundant wealth of natural 
scenery that, with proper nursing, it can be turned, in two 
decades, into one of the most beautiful spots of Europe of 
which it naturally or geographically forms a part. And its 
geographical situation offers it an opportunity to engage in 
commercial intercourse with the millions of a dozen nations 
along the Black and Mediterranean seas, in the Caucasus 
and beyond the Caspian. 

But the country is to-day in a badly neglected physi- 
cal condition. It hasn't any public roads to speak of. 
Turkish Armenia has only one rail system, that of the Bag- 
dad road, which crosses through Cilicia. The Caucasus 
Armenia is a little better off in this respect. This means that 
two-thirds of Armenia remain to be connected by rail, with- 
out which it will be difficult to set up an efficient govern- 
ment, to develop the resources of the country and to im- 
prove the material condition of its people. Modern con- 
veniences of living must be provided in every part of 
Armenia, such as gas, electricity, water and sanitation 
systems. These are found only to a limited extent in certain 
parts of Cilicia, Trebizond and the district of Erivan. 

Second: The Armenians are European Alpines by race, 
one of the three principal branches of the Aryan family, 
who left their home in southeastern Europe about 1300 
years B. C, and emigrated into Asia Minor, where they are 
to be found principally between the Caucasus Mountains 
and Cilicia, on the Mediterranean, and where until 1375 they 
maintained independent or autonomous existence for a pe- 
riod of 2500 years. 

27 



Surrounded on all sides by alien communities and in the 
way of large movements of races East and West, they have 
clung - tenaciously to their traditions, to their language and 
to their faith. They are the first Christian nation in the 
world; they have a church of their own, and their language 
is said to be, according to foreign testimony, one of the two 
most cultivated means of human speech. "This people," 
says Grant, "really represents the last outpost of Europe 
toward the Mohammedan East and constitutes the best 
remaining medium through which western ideals and cul- 
ture can be introduced into Asia." "They are the only peo- 
ple," according to Dr. Barton, "that are morally and intel- 
lectually capable of self-government and with capacity to 
develop to the full the resources of the country — Armenia." 
"By their industry, intelligence and education, the Armenian 
people are well fitted for freedom and capable of restoring 
prosperity to their ancient home," said Viscount Bryce last 
December. "We may say without exag-geration that not 
only in Armenia proper, but far beyond its boundaries, the 
economic life of Turkey rests in great part, upon the 
Armenians," says, Paul Rohrbach. 

Sir Edwin Pears says of them: 

"They are physically a fine race. The men are usually tall, 
well built and powerful. The women have a healthy look 
about them which suggests good motherhood. They are an 
ancient people of the same Indo-European race as ourselves, 
and speak an allied language. During long centuries, they 
held their own against Persians, Arabs, Turks and Kurds. 
Whenever they have had a fighting chance they proved their 
courage. ... A large proportion of them remained tillers 
of the soil. In commerce they are successful not only in 
Turkey, but in France, England and India. Though subject 
to persecution for centuries under Moslem rule (because of 
their Christian faith, their superior intelligence, their indus- 
try and thrift), they have always managed to have their race 
respected." 

The following data covering the province of Sivas, 
where the Armenians constitute about 35% of the popula- 
tion, is significant. 

Commerce: 166 importers; 141 Armenians, 13 
Turks and 12 Greeks. I $0 exporters; I2J 
Armenians and 23 Turks. 3J bankers and capital- 
ists; 32 Armenians and § Turks. 0800 shopkeepers 
and artisans; 6800 Armenians, 2^55 Turks, I $0 
other elements. Industries: 1^3 factories, of which 
130 belong to Armenians. The technical staffs of 

28 



all factories are principally Armenians. Number of 
factory workers, IJ ,J00, of which I4.OOO are Arme- 
nians. 

In the province of Van, according to Rohrbach, 
"q8% of commerce and 80% of farming are in the 
hands of Armenians. 85% of the Armenians in 
Armenia are tillers of the soil." 

In Armenia, in 1Q0S, the Armenians had $8$ 
schools with §2, OOO students, as against I^O Turkish 
schools, with about IJ,000 pupils in the same 
region. It is estimated that not less than I§,000 
Armenian men and women attended, in IQI 4, higher 
institutions of learning in Europe, America and Tur- 
key (American and French schools). As artisan, or 
merchant, or farmer, or administrator, or soldier, the 
Armenian is, according to all observers, the equal of 
his European kinsman. 

This brief review of the qualities of the Armenian char- 
acter, as brought out under most adverse conditions, is an 
assurance of the moral and intellectual fitness- and of the 
capacity of the Armenian to establish and maintain a self- 
governing state and become in the Near East an effective 
agent in the difficult task of civilizing its backward peoples. 

•*• •*• •*• 

Population. — In 1914, there were 4,470,000 Armenians 
in the world, of whom 2,700,000 lived within the boundaries 
of the territories now claimed by Armenia, 1,000,000 within 
its adjacent regions and the balance scattered. During the 
same period there were 1,005,000 Turks, 537,000 Tartars and 
555,000 migratory Turcomans and Kurds, or a total of 2,- 
308,000 Moslems within the boundaries of Armenia. But, it 
is quite possible that 1,000,000 Armenians have perished dur- 
ing the war. Moreover, nearly half of the 2,500,000 to 3,- 
000,000 Armenians that are to be within the boundaries of 
the proposed State of Armenia are now found outside its 
boundaries. These are to be repatriated, and there is said 
to be over 100,000 orphans for whose care provision must be 
made. 

In considering the reduced number of the 
Armenians, it is well to consider also the fact that 
the Moslem elements in Armenia have suffered even 

29 



more than the Armenians, particularly those in the 
regions which were invaded by Russia. In the Fall 
of 1917, the normal Turk and Kurd populations of 
about 551,000 in the provinces of Van, Bitlis, and 
Erzerum had been reduced to 96,000, and in the city 
of Diarbekir, out of a resident and refugee Moslem 
population of 63,000 only 6,000 were left. 

Another important point for us to remember in con- 
sidering the relative numbers of races in the Armenia to be 
is that, with the setting up of an Armenian State, there will 
start a general voluntary movement of peoples. Many 
Turks, as usual, will follow the Turkish Government; Geor- 
gians will move into Georgia; Tartars into the Tartar State; 
Persians into Persia, and the Armenians in those adjacent 
regions, where they number over a million into Armenia. 



The following table gives an approximate idea as to the 
numbers of nationalities that are to be found within the 
boundaries of the proposed Armenia, during the first few 
years of her independent existence : 

CHRISTIANS: 

Armenians 2,500,000 

Greeks, Nestorians, Russians, Georgians, 

Europeans 500,000 

MOSLEMS: 

Turks, Circassians, Arabs, Persians 500,000 

Tartars 300,000 

Kurds 200,000 

OTHER RELIGIONS: 

Kizil-Bachiz, Yezidiz, Zazas, Fellahs 300,000 



TOTAL, CHRISTIANS 3,000,000 

MOSLEMS 1,000,000 
OTHER RELIGIONS* 300,000 



*In 1914 the Turks constituted about 25% of the population of 
Turkey, or, their number was estimated at 4,600,000, out of an esti- 
mated population of 18,000,000 in the Empire. The Turks ordinarily 
include in their own number all the Moslem elements, except the 
Arabs. 

30 



What financial and military help, if any, shall America 
be called upon to give to Armenia? 

Armenia will need considerable money for repatriation, 
relief, organization of its government, its physical develop- 
ment, etc. But Armenia is entitled to, and must receive, 
adequate indemnity for all the losses she has suffered dur- 
ing the war. The cost of the reconstruction of Armenia, as 
well as the cost of the organization of the Armenian Govern- 
ment, must be paid for by the Turks and Germans who, as 
equal partners in a common venture, should repair the dam- 
ages they have inflicted upon their Armenian victims. 

The Armenian Delegation, in its above said Memoran- 
dum, demands adequate indemnity. If any nation is entitled 
to reparation from the enemy, that nation is the Armenian. 
In the district of Baku alone, the Armenians have suffered 
losses conservatively estimated at $200,000,000. Their losses 
throughout are estimated at not less than $3,750,000,000. 
If the United States of America are called upon to extend 
any financial assistance to Armenia, such assistance should 
be of a provisional character by way of loans. In the event 
that Armenia is discriminated against in the matter of in- 
demnity, then it will be necessary for the Armenian Govern- 
ment to borrow money, quite naturally, from its mandatory 
power. Armenia may be made a self-supporting nation 
within five years. 

No considerable military expedition needs to be under- 
taken into Armenia. 

It is quite possible that the whole of the former Turkish 
Empire shall have to be occupied provisionally by from 
150,000 to 200,000 troops, so that the decisions of the Peace 
Conference may be enforced without any hindrance. Insofar 
as Armenia is concerned, a force of not less than one nor 
more than two brigades may be sent to remain temporarily 
(possibly until the Spring of 1920), largely for the moral 
effect that such expedition will produce upon the native 
population. 

This means that, Armenia does not need American 
troops for police duty, or for the protection of its frontiers. 
There are now sufficient number of Armenian troops in 
Armenia to do these things, provided they are supplied with 
adequate food and munitions, which they lack. 

It is to be noted that Russian Armenia, where an Ar- 
menian Government has been in power since May 28, 1918, 

31 



is now under the control of that government. It is known as 
the Republic of Armenia. This Republic has an organized 
force of about 40,000 men. In addition to this force, there 
are independent Armenian contingents in those regions, 
which may number 10,000. The Armenians can now put in 
the field a minimum number of 75,000 trained men, provided 
we furnish them with necessary equipment. 

To summarize: In the event of America ac- 
cepting mandate for Armenia, her duties shall be 
principally, 

(a) To aid the Armenians, in an advisory capacity, 
to establish a government on a permanent 
basis ; 

(b) To send to Armenia possibly two or four regi- 
ments, to remain for a brief period, which will 
exert a steadying effect upon the native popu- 
lation; 

(c) To co-operate with the Armenian Government 
in the repatriation into Armenia of 1,500,000 
Armenians ; 

(d) To make provision for the caring of 100,000 or 
more orphans; 

(e) To help Armenia, through technical commis- 
sions, in the construction of her transportation 
system, docks and harbors, and inaugurate 
modern improvements and means of sanita- 
tion in its towns and cities. 

In fine, America shall not be called upon to teach 
Armenians self-government ; that they know. But, in view 
of the general social, political and economic upheaval that 
has overtaken Armenia, she is to give Armenia a hand in the 
creation of a scheme of life modelled largely after the Amer- 
ican system of civilization. 

The carrying out of this task shall require not less than 
five nor more than ten years. 

And the United States, by accepting the mandate for 
Armenia, will not run any risk of being involved in inter- 
national difficulty. 

She will go there in response to the unanimous call of 
the Armenian people and with the consent of the Powers to 
do a specific thing. 

32 



And she shall not be entangled in any military expedi- 
tion for the protection of Armenia, because there is not a 
single neighboring nation that would consider it wise or 
profitable to challenge an Armenian fighting force whose 
number can easily reach a quarter of a million men, once 
Armenia has been organized. 

The Turks know to their own satisfaction that it would 
not be safe to interfere with armed Armenians. Following 
the breakdown of the Russian army of the Caucasus in 1917, 
a newly organized Armenian force of 50,000 held back the 
Turkish Caucasus army for seven months, when the Turks 
offered to conclude peace with that portion of the Armenian 
nation. 

It is now conceded that Armenian volunteers and regu- 
lars saved the Russian Caucasus front from collapse in the 
winter of 1914 and that they defeated the Turkish aggres- 
sion in 1917 and 1918. 

General Allenby has already testified to the excellence 
of the soldier-like qualities of the Armenians in his famous 
telegram to the President of the xArmenian Deleg-ation, in 
which he expressed his pride for having had Armenian con- 
tingents under his command, "who took leading part in the 
victory over the Turks." 

Thus the mandate that America will be expected to 
exercise in Armenia will be chiefly the extension of the noble 
relief and educational work which the brave men and women 
from America — the missionaries— are now carrying on in that 
historic land. 

It is extremely difficult to believe that the United States 
of America would decline to accept a mandate for Armenia, 
when all Armenians throughout the world have turned their 
faces and their hearts to the United States of America. 

The development of a stable self-governing state in the 
country of the Armenians will have a steadying effect upon 
all the races of the Near East, and such a State will become 
the leading- agency through which to civilize and enlighten 
many millions of the backward peoples of those regions. 

By accepting the mandate, the United States will pro- 
mote not only the well-being and peace of Armenia, but 
through Armenia, will restore and maintain peace in the 
lands beyond the borders of Armenia. For over fifteen cen- 
turies Armenians have been, under most difficult conditions, 

33 



the staunch upholders of the faith and civilization of 
Europe; and they will hereafter become missionaries for 
the propagation of western ideals in the Near East. 

The above considerations lead us to the follow- 
ing conclusions : 

(a) A mandate for Armenia is a provisional 
trust. The trustee shall help the Armenians to 
help themselves — to organize their government — 
but shall not carry the burden of organizing or 
maintaining their government; 

(b) If America must accept any mandatorial 
responsibility under the covenant of the League of 
Nations — since she has been the principal advocate 
for the formation of a League of Nations — then a 
mandate for Armenia is the lightest and safest 
responsibility she can assume. 



There are two other reasons, suggested by the consid- 
erations of historical facts and of far seeing statesmanship, 
which support the Armenian plea that America accept this 
trust: 

One: Russia and Turkey knew by experience that in all 
the wars between them success of arms rested with the side 
that enjoyed the cooperation of the Armenians. Accord- 
ingly, at the outbreak of the war, Turkey offered the Arme- 
nians autonomy (both Turkish and Russian Armenians), 
conditioned upon their lending active support to the Turkish 
arms. The Russian Armenians would have absolutely noth- 
ing to do with the Turkish offer. The Turkish Armenians 
categorically declined to go beyond the limits imposed upon 
them through their allegiance to Turkey. The whole- 
hearted support which the Armenian Regulars and volun- 
teers gave Russia in the beginning of the war, and also the 
resistance which an Armenian force of 50,000 men offered 
the Turks for seven months (from December, 1917 to 
June, 1918), following the breakdown of the Russian Cau- 
casus front in 1917, saved the Russian Caucasus front from 
certain collapse; destroyed all the hopes and expectations 
the Turks entertained as the result of their campaign for a 
Holy War, by preventing them from effecting a junction 
with the eighteen million Turco-Tartars and Afgans of the 

34 



Caucasus and Trans-Caspian; enabled the British Armies in 
Mesopotamia and Syria to maintain their positions, and 
facilitated their successes over the Turks; and finally, be- 
came the direct causes of the breakdown of the Turkish 
power. The Armenian aid also made it possible for Russia 
to concentrate her forces against the Austro-German fronts 
which accrued greatly to the benefit of France.* 

The destruction of one million Armenians was the 
answer of the Turks to the refusal of the Armenian race to 
make common cause with them. 

America pledged to the success of her arms all her re- 
sources. Armenia was struck a staggering blow as the 
result of her loyalty to the cause for which America entered 
t-.he field. Can America decline to extend a helping hand to 
Armenia — a help comparatively small to the giver but of 
immeasurable consequences to the recipient? 

Two: Armenia is the bridge that links Europe with 
Asia. All Asiatic invaders have crossed over this bridge, 
after having trampled under foot the Armenians, who inva- 
riably challenged their aggression. Following the expul- 
sion by the Mameluke-Turco-Tartar avalanche of the five 
kingdoms and principalities which were founded in the East 
by the Crusaders, the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia, single- 
handed, stayed that powerful Asiatic onrush for a period of 
eighty-five years. History will repeat itself. 

Both as the civilizing agent in the Near East and Mid- 
dle Asia and as the representative of westen civilization to 
hold its first line of defense against Asiatic aggression, Ar- 
menia must be helped until she can stand alone. 

The Pan-Turanianism of the Young Turks, which was 
the forerunner of a militant Pan-Islamism, has been tempo- 
rarily checked with the blood of the fighting men of Arme- 
nia ; but it will rise again. 

Armenia is the only barrier that separates the apostles 
of Pan-Turanianism from their objective, and also from the 



*In 1914, there were 4,470,000 Armenians distributed throughout the 
world, of whom 2,054,000 lived in Russia; 2,026,000 in Turkey, and the 
rest scattered. The Armenians contributed about 275,000 fighting men 
to the Allied arms during the War. Thus, in proportion to their num- 
bers, the Armenians suffered more (their losses are estimated at one 
million) and made a larger contribution to the Allied arms than any 
other race or nation. 



35 



disciples of Bolshevism with whom they will be certain to 
enter into alliance, once they establish physical contact. 

America would be serving her own interests and 
strengthening the cause she has espoused by lending her in- 
fluence and support to the creation and development of an 
Armenian State, within her historic, national boundaries, 
which will become the outpost of western civilization in the 
East. 

"To serve Armenia is to serve civilization," said Mr. 
Gladstone. 

His prophetic words hold infinitely better today than 
they did in 1896. 




36 





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37 






THE PEACE CONFERENCE AND TURKEY 



At the instance of Turkey, the Peace Conference per- 
mitted a Turkish Delegation to come to Paris to present the 
Turkish case. Damad Ferid (Sherif) Pasha, Grand Vizier, 
and President of the Turkish Delegation, delivered to the 
Council of Ten on Tuesday, June 17, 1919, a memorandum 
which, in substance, put all the blame for the entry of Turkey 
into the war and the atrocities committed by the Turkish 
Government during the war on the Committee of Union and 
Progress; absolved the Sultan and the Government which 
' the Turkish Delegation represented of all responsibility, and 
advocated that the territorial integrity of Turkey should be 
preserved. 

The following is the reply of the Allied and Associated 
Powers to Damad Pasha, dated June 25, 1919. It was signed 
by Georges Clemenceau, President of the Peace Conference; 
but it is distinctively Wilsonian in the elegance of its style 
and the loftiness of the thoughts it expresses. It shall remain 
as the greatest document ever penned by men in condemna- 
tion of Turkish rule. 

The reply follows : 

"The council of the principal Allied and Associated 
Powers has read with the most careful attention the memo- 
randum presented to them by your Excellency on June 17, 
and in accordance with the promise then made, desires now 
to offer the following observations upon it : 

"In your recital of the political intrigues which accom- 
panied Turkey's entry into the war and of the tragedies 
which followed it, your Excellency makes no attempt to 
excuse or qualify the crimes of which the Turkish Govern- 
ment was then guilty. It is admitted directly or by implica- 
tion, that Turkey had no cause of quarrel with the Entente 
Powers, that she acted as the subservient tool of Germany, 
that the war, begun without excuse and conducted without 
mercy, was accompanied by massacres whose calculated 
atrocity equals or exceeds anything in recorded history. 

"But it is argued that these crimes were committed by 
a Turkish Government for whose misdeeds the Turkish 
people were not responsible, that there was in them no ele- 
ment of religious fanaticism, that Moslems suffered from 
them not less than Christians, that they were entirely out of 
harmony with the Turkish tradition, as historically exhibited 
in the treatment by Turkey of subject races, that the mainte- 
nance of the Turkish Empire is necessary for the religious 

38 



eauilibrium of the world, so that the policy not less than 
ius'ice requires that its territories should be restored undi- 
minished as thev existed when the war broke out. 

<<The council can neither accept this conclusion nor the 
arguments by which it is supported. It does not, indeed 
doubt that the present Government of Turkey profoundly 
disapproves o the policy pursued by its predecessors. Even 
ff cons dlratSns of morality did not weigh with it-as doub - 
ess They did-consideration of expediency would be conclu- 
sive As individuals, its members have every motive, as well 
as every right, to repudiate the actions which have proved 
so disastrous to their country. , , 

"But speaking generally, a nation must be judged by the 
Govern" en? which rules it, which directs its fore.gr, pohcy, 
which controls its armies. Nor can Turkey c a.m any ■*** 
from the legitimate consequences of this doctrine inciciy 
Wise he affairs, at a most critical moment in her his ory 
had fallen into the hands of men who, utterly devoid of the 
nrinciple of pity, could not even command success 
P "I seems however, that the claim for complete tern- 

and to the conditions of affairs in the Moslem world. 

- Now, the council is anxious not to enter i^omgM* 
sary controversy or to inflict needless pain or .your Exce 

Vt ttl nnotamT that among those fl-hhes are to be 

d0l,b ^istorv S tells Ul us of many Turkish successes and of 
many tS defeats-of nations conquered and nat.ons 

'"^The memorandum itself refers to the reductions .that 

ine uici v territories recently under Ottoman 

^M^^Sk^ a rise in the level of 

culture. rhrkrians of Europe, nor among 

^rhS^Xeop SjSU- He has won 



defeated, she has thrown upon the victors the heavy duty of 
determining the destiny of the various populations in her 
heterogeneous empire. This duty the council of the principal 
Allied and Associated Powers desire to carry out as far as 
may be in accordance with the wishes and permanent inter- 
ests of the populations themselves. 

"But the council observes with regret that the memo- 
randum introduces in this connection a wholly different order 
of consideration based on opposed religious rivalries. The 
Turkish Empire is, it seems, to be preserved unchanged, not 
so much because this would be to the advantage of the Mos- 
lems or of the Christians within its borders, but because its 
maintenance is demanded by the religious sentiment of men 
who never felt the Turkish yoke or have forgotten how 
heavily it weighs on those who are compelled to bear it. 

"But surely there never was a sentiment less justified by 
facts. The whole course of the war exposes its hollowness. 
What religious issue is raised by a struggle in which Protest- 
ant Germany, Roman Catholic Austria, Orthodox Bulgaria 
and Moslem Turkey banded themselves together to plunder 
their neighbors? 

"The only savor of deliberate fanaticism perceptible in 
these transactions was the massacre of Christian Armenians 
by order of the Turkish Government. But your Excellency 
has pointed out that, at the very same time and by the very 
same authority, unoffending Moslems were being slaught- 
ered, in circumstances sufficiently horrible and in numbers 
sufficiently large, to mitigate, if not wholly to remove, any 
suspicion of religious partiality. 

"During the war, then, there was little evidence of sec- 
tarian animosity on the part of any of the Governments and 
no evidence whatever, so far as the Entente Powers were 
concerned. Nor has anything since occurred to modify this 
judgment ; every man's conscience has been respected, places 
of sacred memory have been carefully guarded, the States 
and peoples who were Mohammedan before the war are 
Mohammedan still. 

"Nothing touching religion has been altered, except the 
security with which it may be practiced, and this, wherever 
Allied control exists, has certainly been altered for the better. 

"If it be replied that the diminution in the territories 
of a historic Moslem state must injure the Moslem cause in 
all lands, we respectfully suggest that in our opinion this is 
an error. To thinking Moslems throughout the world the 
modern history of the Government enthroned at Constanti- 
nople can be no source of pleasure or pride. 

"For reasons we have already indicated the Turk was 
there attempting a task, for which he had little aptitude and 
in which he has consequently had little success. Set him to 
work in happier circumstances, let his energies find their 
chief exercise in surroundings more congenial to his genius, 
under new circumstances less complicated and difficult, with 
an evil tradition of corruption and intrigue severed, perhaps 
forgotten, why should he not add lustre to his country and 

40 



thus indirectly to his religion, by other qualities than that of 
course and discipline, which he has always so conspicuously 
displayed. 

"Unless we are mistaken your Excellency should under- 
stand our hopes. In an impressive passage of your memo- 
randum you declare it to be your country's mission to devote 
itself to an intensive economic and intellectual culture. 

"No change could be more startling or impressive ; none 
could be more beneficial. If your Excellency is able to 
initiate this great process of development in men of the 
Turkish race you will deserve and will certainly receive all 
the assistance we are able to give you." 




41 



The American Committee 

FOR THE 

Independence of Armenia 



JAMES W. GERARD, 
Charles Stewart Davison, 
Wm. Henry Roberts, D.D., LL.D. 

Charles Evans Hughes 
William Jennings Bryan 
Alton B. Parker 
Elihu Root 
Henry Cabot Lodge 
John Sharp Williams 
Charles S. Thomas 
Lyman Abbott 
Gov. Bartlett, N. H. 
James L. Barton 
Gov. Beeckman, R. I. 
Alice Stone Blackwell 
Charles J. Bonaparte 
Gov. Boyle, Nev. 
Nicholas Murray Butler 
Gov. Campbell, Ariz. 
Gov. Carey, Wyo. 
Gov. Catts, Fla. 
Gov. Cooper, S. C. 
Gov. Cox, Ohio 
Rt. Rev. J. H. Darlington 
Cleveland H. Dodge 
Gov. Dorsey, Ga. 
Charles W. Eliot 
Rt. Rev. William F. Faber 
Admiral Bradley A. Fiske 
Lindley M. Garrison 
James Cardinal Gibbons 
Martin H. Glynn 

Samuel Gompers 

Madison Grant 

Lloyd C. Griscom 

Gov. Harding, Iowa 

Gov. Harrington, Md. 

Albert Bushnell Hart 

Sara Duryea Hazen 

Gov. Yager, Porto 



Chairman 

Vice-Chairman 

., Secretary-General 

Myron T. Herrick 
John Grier Hibben 
Gov. Holcomb, Conn. 
Hamilton Holt 
George A. Hurd 
Richard M. Hurd 
Henry W. Jessup 
Robert Ellis Jones 
Gov. Larrazolo, N. Mex. 
Gov. Lister, Wash. 
Edward C. Little 
Julian W. Mack 
Norman E. Mack 
William T. Manning 
Elizabeth Marbury 
Rt. Rev. Wm. H. Moreland 
Gov. Norbeck, S. Dak. 
Frederic C. Penfield 
George Haven Putnam 
Rt. Rev. P. N. Rhinelander 
Ernest W. Riggs 
Gov. Robertson, Okla. 
Jacob G. Schurman 
Gov. Smith, N. Y. 
Gov. Sproul, Pa. 
Oscar S. Straus 
Rt. Rev. A. C. Thompson 
Gov. Townsend, Jr., Del. 
Rt. Rev. B. D. Tucker 
Rt. Rev. Wm. W. Webb 
Benjamin Ide Wheeler 
Everett P. Wheeler 
Talcott Williams 
Rt. Rev. J. R. Winchester 
Stephen S. Wise 
Gov. Withycombe, Ore. 
Rico. 



42 




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